Simplify theming for Application

examples/gradient/src/main.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use iced::application;
-use iced::theme::{self, Theme};
 use iced::widget::{
     checkbox, column, container, horizontal_space, row, slider, text, themer,
 };
 use iced::{gradient, window};
 use iced::{
     Alignment, Background, Color, Element, Length, Radians, Sandbox, Settings,
+    Theme,
 };
 
 pub fn main() -> iced::Result {
@@ -115,16 +115,14 @@ impl Sandbox for Gradient {
         .into()
     }
 
-    fn style(&self) -> theme::Application {
+    fn style(&self, theme: &Theme) -> application::Appearance {
         if self.transparent {
-            theme::Application::custom(|theme: &Theme| {
             application::Appearance {
                 background_color: Color::TRANSPARENT,
                 text_color: theme.palette().text,
             }
-            })
         } else {
-            theme::Application::Default
+            application::default(theme)
         }
     }
 }

examples/solar_system/src/main.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 use iced::application;
 use iced::executor;
 use iced::mouse;
-use iced::theme::{self, Theme};
 use iced::widget::canvas;
 use iced::widget::canvas::gradient;
 use iced::widget::canvas::stroke::{self, Stroke};
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ use iced::widget::canvas::Path;
 use iced::window;
 use iced::{
     Application, Color, Command, Element, Length, Point, Rectangle, Renderer,
-    Settings, Size, Subscription, Vector,
+    Settings, Size, Subscription, Theme, Vector,
 };
 
 use std::time::Instant;
@@ -80,17 +79,13 @@ impl Application for SolarSystem {
         Theme::Dark
     }
 
-    fn style(&self) -> theme::Application {
+    fn style(&self, _theme: &Theme) -> application::Appearance {
-        fn dark_background(_theme: &Theme) -> application::Appearance {
         application::Appearance {
             background_color: Color::BLACK,
             text_color: Color::WHITE,
         }
     }
 
-        theme::Application::custom(dark_background)
-    }
-
     fn subscription(&self) -> Subscription<Message> {
         window::frames().map(Message::Tick)
     }

src/application.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 //! Build interactive cross-platform applications.
 use crate::{Command, Element, Executor, Settings, Subscription};
 
-pub use crate::style::application::{Appearance, StyleSheet};
+use crate::shell::application;
+
+pub use application::{default, Appearance, Style};
 
 /// An interactive cross-platform application.
 ///
@@ -91,7 +93,10 @@ pub use crate::style::application::{Appearance, StyleSheet};
 ///     }
 /// }
 /// ```
-pub trait Application: Sized {
+pub trait Application: Sized
+where
+    Style<Self::Theme>: Default,
+{
     /// The [`Executor`] that will run commands and subscriptions.
     ///
     /// The [default executor] can be a good starting point!
@@ -104,7 +109,7 @@ pub trait Application: Sized {
     type Message: std::fmt::Debug + Send;
 
     /// The theme of your [`Application`].
-    type Theme: Default + StyleSheet;
+    type Theme: Default;
 
     /// The data needed to initialize your [`Application`].
     type Flags;
@@ -151,8 +156,8 @@ pub trait Application: Sized {
     /// Returns the current `Style` of the [`Theme`].
     ///
     /// [`Theme`]: Self::Theme
-    fn style(&self) -> <Self::Theme as StyleSheet>::Style {
+    fn style(&self, theme: &Self::Theme) -> Appearance {
-        <Self::Theme as StyleSheet>::Style::default()
+        Style::default().resolve(theme)
     }
 
     /// Returns the event [`Subscription`] for the current state of the
@@ -213,11 +218,15 @@ pub trait Application: Sized {
     }
 }
 
-struct Instance<A: Application>(A);
+struct Instance<A>(A)
+where
+    A: Application,
+    application::Style<A::Theme>: Default;
 
 impl<A> crate::runtime::Program for Instance<A>
 where
     A: Application,
+    application::Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     type Message = A::Message;
     type Theme = A::Theme;
@@ -232,9 +241,10 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<A> crate::shell::Application for Instance<A>
+impl<A> application::Application for Instance<A>
 where
     A: Application,
+    application::Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     type Flags = A::Flags;
 
@@ -252,8 +262,8 @@ where
         self.0.theme()
     }
 
-    fn style(&self) -> <A::Theme as StyleSheet>::Style {
+    fn style(&self, theme: &A::Theme) -> Appearance {
-        self.0.style()
+        self.0.style(theme)
     }
 
     fn subscription(&self) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {

src/multi_window.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,256 @@
 //! Leverage multi-window support in your application.
-mod application;
+use crate::window;
+use crate::{Command, Element, Executor, Settings, Subscription};
 
-pub use application::Application;
+pub use crate::application::{default, Appearance, Style};
+
+/// An interactive cross-platform multi-window application.
+///
+/// This trait is the main entrypoint of Iced. Once implemented, you can run
+/// your GUI application by simply calling [`run`](#method.run).
+///
+/// - On native platforms, it will run in its own windows.
+/// - On the web, it will take control of the `<title>` and the `<body>` of the
+///   document and display only the contents of the `window::Id::MAIN` window.
+///
+/// An [`Application`] can execute asynchronous actions by returning a
+/// [`Command`] in some of its methods. If you do not intend to perform any
+/// background work in your program, the [`Sandbox`] trait offers a simplified
+/// interface.
+///
+/// When using an [`Application`] with the `debug` feature enabled, a debug view
+/// can be toggled by pressing `F12`.
+///
+/// # Examples
+/// See the `examples/multi-window` example to see this multi-window `Application` trait in action.
+///
+/// ## A simple "Hello, world!"
+///
+/// If you just want to get started, here is a simple [`Application`] that
+/// says "Hello, world!":
+///
+/// ```no_run
+/// use iced::{executor, window};
+/// use iced::{Command, Element, Settings, Theme};
+/// use iced::multi_window::{self, Application};
+///
+/// pub fn main() -> iced::Result {
+///     Hello::run(Settings::default())
+/// }
+///
+/// struct Hello;
+///
+/// impl multi_window::Application for Hello {
+///     type Executor = executor::Default;
+///     type Flags = ();
+///     type Message = ();
+///     type Theme = Theme;
+///
+///     fn new(_flags: ()) -> (Hello, Command<Self::Message>) {
+///         (Hello, Command::none())
+///     }
+///
+///     fn title(&self, _window: window::Id) -> String {
+///         String::from("A cool application")
+///     }
+///
+///     fn update(&mut self, _message: Self::Message) -> Command<Self::Message> {
+///         Command::none()
+///     }
+///
+///     fn view(&self, _window: window::Id) -> Element<Self::Message> {
+///         "Hello, world!".into()
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// [`Sandbox`]: crate::Sandbox
+pub trait Application: Sized
+where
+    Style<Self::Theme>: Default,
+{
+    /// The [`Executor`] that will run commands and subscriptions.
+    ///
+    /// The [default executor] can be a good starting point!
+    ///
+    /// [`Executor`]: Self::Executor
+    /// [default executor]: crate::executor::Default
+    type Executor: Executor;
+
+    /// The type of __messages__ your [`Application`] will produce.
+    type Message: std::fmt::Debug + Send;
+
+    /// The theme of your [`Application`].
+    type Theme: Default;
+
+    /// The data needed to initialize your [`Application`].
+    type Flags;
+
+    /// Initializes the [`Application`] with the flags provided to
+    /// [`run`] as part of the [`Settings`].
+    ///
+    /// Here is where you should return the initial state of your app.
+    ///
+    /// Additionally, you can return a [`Command`] if you need to perform some
+    /// async action in the background on startup. This is useful if you want to
+    /// load state from a file, perform an initial HTTP request, etc.
+    ///
+    /// [`run`]: Self::run
+    fn new(flags: Self::Flags) -> (Self, Command<Self::Message>);
+
+    /// Returns the current title of the `window` of the [`Application`].
+    ///
+    /// This title can be dynamic! The runtime will automatically update the
+    /// title of your window when necessary.
+    fn title(&self, window: window::Id) -> String;
+
+    /// Handles a __message__ and updates the state of the [`Application`].
+    ///
+    /// This is where you define your __update logic__. All the __messages__,
+    /// produced by either user interactions or commands, will be handled by
+    /// this method.
+    ///
+    /// Any [`Command`] returned will be executed immediately in the background.
+    fn update(&mut self, message: Self::Message) -> Command<Self::Message>;
+
+    /// Returns the widgets to display in the `window` of the [`Application`].
+    ///
+    /// These widgets can produce __messages__ based on user interaction.
+    fn view(
+        &self,
+        window: window::Id,
+    ) -> Element<'_, Self::Message, Self::Theme, crate::Renderer>;
+
+    /// Returns the current [`Theme`] of the `window` of the [`Application`].
+    ///
+    /// [`Theme`]: Self::Theme
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn theme(&self, window: window::Id) -> Self::Theme {
+        Self::Theme::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current `Style` of the [`Theme`].
+    ///
+    /// [`Theme`]: Self::Theme
+    fn style(&self, theme: &Self::Theme) -> Appearance {
+        Style::default().resolve(theme)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the event [`Subscription`] for the current state of the
+    /// application.
+    ///
+    /// A [`Subscription`] will be kept alive as long as you keep returning it,
+    /// and the __messages__ produced will be handled by
+    /// [`update`](#tymethod.update).
+    ///
+    /// By default, this method returns an empty [`Subscription`].
+    fn subscription(&self) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {
+        Subscription::none()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the scale factor of the `window` of the [`Application`].
+    ///
+    /// It can be used to dynamically control the size of the UI at runtime
+    /// (i.e. zooming).
+    ///
+    /// For instance, a scale factor of `2.0` will make widgets twice as big,
+    /// while a scale factor of `0.5` will shrink them to half their size.
+    ///
+    /// By default, it returns `1.0`.
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn scale_factor(&self, window: window::Id) -> f64 {
+        1.0
+    }
+
+    /// Runs the multi-window [`Application`].
+    ///
+    /// On native platforms, this method will take control of the current thread
+    /// until the [`Application`] exits.
+    ///
+    /// On the web platform, this method __will NOT return__ unless there is an
+    /// [`Error`] during startup.
+    ///
+    /// [`Error`]: crate::Error
+    fn run(settings: Settings<Self::Flags>) -> crate::Result
+    where
+        Self: 'static,
+    {
+        #[allow(clippy::needless_update)]
+        let renderer_settings = crate::renderer::Settings {
+            default_font: settings.default_font,
+            default_text_size: settings.default_text_size,
+            antialiasing: if settings.antialiasing {
+                Some(crate::graphics::Antialiasing::MSAAx4)
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            ..crate::renderer::Settings::default()
+        };
+
+        Ok(crate::shell::multi_window::run::<
+            Instance<Self>,
+            Self::Executor,
+            crate::renderer::Compositor,
+        >(settings.into(), renderer_settings)?)
+    }
+}
+
+struct Instance<A>(A)
+where
+    A: Application,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default;
+
+impl<A> crate::runtime::multi_window::Program for Instance<A>
+where
+    A: Application,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
+{
+    type Message = A::Message;
+    type Theme = A::Theme;
+    type Renderer = crate::Renderer;
+
+    fn update(&mut self, message: Self::Message) -> Command<Self::Message> {
+        self.0.update(message)
+    }
+
+    fn view(
+        &self,
+        window: window::Id,
+    ) -> Element<'_, Self::Message, Self::Theme, Self::Renderer> {
+        self.0.view(window)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A> crate::shell::multi_window::Application for Instance<A>
+where
+    A: Application,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
+{
+    type Flags = A::Flags;
+
+    fn new(flags: Self::Flags) -> (Self, Command<A::Message>) {
+        let (app, command) = A::new(flags);
+
+        (Instance(app), command)
+    }
+
+    fn title(&self, window: window::Id) -> String {
+        self.0.title(window)
+    }
+
+    fn theme(&self, window: window::Id) -> A::Theme {
+        self.0.theme(window)
+    }
+
+    fn style(&self, theme: &Self::Theme) -> Appearance {
+        self.0.style(theme)
+    }
+
+    fn subscription(&self) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {
+        self.0.subscription()
+    }
+
+    fn scale_factor(&self, window: window::Id) -> f64 {
+        self.0.scale_factor(window)
+    }
+}

src/multi_window/application.rs

@@ -1,246 +0,0 @@
-use crate::style::application::StyleSheet;
-use crate::window;
-use crate::{Command, Element, Executor, Settings, Subscription};
-
-/// An interactive cross-platform multi-window application.
-///
-/// This trait is the main entrypoint of Iced. Once implemented, you can run
-/// your GUI application by simply calling [`run`](#method.run).
-///
-/// - On native platforms, it will run in its own windows.
-/// - On the web, it will take control of the `<title>` and the `<body>` of the
-///   document and display only the contents of the `window::Id::MAIN` window.
-///
-/// An [`Application`] can execute asynchronous actions by returning a
-/// [`Command`] in some of its methods. If you do not intend to perform any
-/// background work in your program, the [`Sandbox`] trait offers a simplified
-/// interface.
-///
-/// When using an [`Application`] with the `debug` feature enabled, a debug view
-/// can be toggled by pressing `F12`.
-///
-/// # Examples
-/// See the `examples/multi-window` example to see this multi-window `Application` trait in action.
-///
-/// ## A simple "Hello, world!"
-///
-/// If you just want to get started, here is a simple [`Application`] that
-/// says "Hello, world!":
-///
-/// ```no_run
-/// use iced::{executor, window};
-/// use iced::{Command, Element, Settings, Theme};
-/// use iced::multi_window::{self, Application};
-///
-/// pub fn main() -> iced::Result {
-///     Hello::run(Settings::default())
-/// }
-///
-/// struct Hello;
-///
-/// impl multi_window::Application for Hello {
-///     type Executor = executor::Default;
-///     type Flags = ();
-///     type Message = ();
-///     type Theme = Theme;
-///
-///     fn new(_flags: ()) -> (Hello, Command<Self::Message>) {
-///         (Hello, Command::none())
-///     }
-///
-///     fn title(&self, _window: window::Id) -> String {
-///         String::from("A cool application")
-///     }
-///
-///     fn update(&mut self, _message: Self::Message) -> Command<Self::Message> {
-///         Command::none()
-///     }
-///
-///     fn view(&self, _window: window::Id) -> Element<Self::Message> {
-///         "Hello, world!".into()
-///     }
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// [`Sandbox`]: crate::Sandbox
-pub trait Application: Sized {
-    /// The [`Executor`] that will run commands and subscriptions.
-    ///
-    /// The [default executor] can be a good starting point!
-    ///
-    /// [`Executor`]: Self::Executor
-    /// [default executor]: crate::executor::Default
-    type Executor: Executor;
-
-    /// The type of __messages__ your [`Application`] will produce.
-    type Message: std::fmt::Debug + Send;
-
-    /// The theme of your [`Application`].
-    type Theme: Default + StyleSheet;
-
-    /// The data needed to initialize your [`Application`].
-    type Flags;
-
-    /// Initializes the [`Application`] with the flags provided to
-    /// [`run`] as part of the [`Settings`].
-    ///
-    /// Here is where you should return the initial state of your app.
-    ///
-    /// Additionally, you can return a [`Command`] if you need to perform some
-    /// async action in the background on startup. This is useful if you want to
-    /// load state from a file, perform an initial HTTP request, etc.
-    ///
-    /// [`run`]: Self::run
-    fn new(flags: Self::Flags) -> (Self, Command<Self::Message>);
-
-    /// Returns the current title of the `window` of the [`Application`].
-    ///
-    /// This title can be dynamic! The runtime will automatically update the
-    /// title of your window when necessary.
-    fn title(&self, window: window::Id) -> String;
-
-    /// Handles a __message__ and updates the state of the [`Application`].
-    ///
-    /// This is where you define your __update logic__. All the __messages__,
-    /// produced by either user interactions or commands, will be handled by
-    /// this method.
-    ///
-    /// Any [`Command`] returned will be executed immediately in the background.
-    fn update(&mut self, message: Self::Message) -> Command<Self::Message>;
-
-    /// Returns the widgets to display in the `window` of the [`Application`].
-    ///
-    /// These widgets can produce __messages__ based on user interaction.
-    fn view(
-        &self,
-        window: window::Id,
-    ) -> Element<'_, Self::Message, Self::Theme, crate::Renderer>;
-
-    /// Returns the current [`Theme`] of the `window` of the [`Application`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Theme`]: Self::Theme
-    #[allow(unused_variables)]
-    fn theme(&self, window: window::Id) -> Self::Theme {
-        Self::Theme::default()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the current `Style` of the [`Theme`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Theme`]: Self::Theme
-    fn style(&self) -> <Self::Theme as StyleSheet>::Style {
-        <Self::Theme as StyleSheet>::Style::default()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the event [`Subscription`] for the current state of the
-    /// application.
-    ///
-    /// A [`Subscription`] will be kept alive as long as you keep returning it,
-    /// and the __messages__ produced will be handled by
-    /// [`update`](#tymethod.update).
-    ///
-    /// By default, this method returns an empty [`Subscription`].
-    fn subscription(&self) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {
-        Subscription::none()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the scale factor of the `window` of the [`Application`].
-    ///
-    /// It can be used to dynamically control the size of the UI at runtime
-    /// (i.e. zooming).
-    ///
-    /// For instance, a scale factor of `2.0` will make widgets twice as big,
-    /// while a scale factor of `0.5` will shrink them to half their size.
-    ///
-    /// By default, it returns `1.0`.
-    #[allow(unused_variables)]
-    fn scale_factor(&self, window: window::Id) -> f64 {
-        1.0
-    }
-
-    /// Runs the multi-window [`Application`].
-    ///
-    /// On native platforms, this method will take control of the current thread
-    /// until the [`Application`] exits.
-    ///
-    /// On the web platform, this method __will NOT return__ unless there is an
-    /// [`Error`] during startup.
-    ///
-    /// [`Error`]: crate::Error
-    fn run(settings: Settings<Self::Flags>) -> crate::Result
-    where
-        Self: 'static,
-    {
-        #[allow(clippy::needless_update)]
-        let renderer_settings = crate::renderer::Settings {
-            default_font: settings.default_font,
-            default_text_size: settings.default_text_size,
-            antialiasing: if settings.antialiasing {
-                Some(crate::graphics::Antialiasing::MSAAx4)
-            } else {
-                None
-            },
-            ..crate::renderer::Settings::default()
-        };
-
-        Ok(crate::shell::multi_window::run::<
-            Instance<Self>,
-            Self::Executor,
-            crate::renderer::Compositor,
-        >(settings.into(), renderer_settings)?)
-    }
-}
-
-struct Instance<A: Application>(A);
-
-impl<A> crate::runtime::multi_window::Program for Instance<A>
-where
-    A: Application,
-{
-    type Message = A::Message;
-    type Theme = A::Theme;
-    type Renderer = crate::Renderer;
-
-    fn update(&mut self, message: Self::Message) -> Command<Self::Message> {
-        self.0.update(message)
-    }
-
-    fn view(
-        &self,
-        window: window::Id,
-    ) -> Element<'_, Self::Message, Self::Theme, Self::Renderer> {
-        self.0.view(window)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<A> crate::shell::multi_window::Application for Instance<A>
-where
-    A: Application,
-{
-    type Flags = A::Flags;
-
-    fn new(flags: Self::Flags) -> (Self, Command<A::Message>) {
-        let (app, command) = A::new(flags);
-
-        (Instance(app), command)
-    }
-
-    fn title(&self, window: window::Id) -> String {
-        self.0.title(window)
-    }
-
-    fn theme(&self, window: window::Id) -> A::Theme {
-        self.0.theme(window)
-    }
-
-    fn style(&self) -> <A::Theme as StyleSheet>::Style {
-        self.0.style()
-    }
-
-    fn subscription(&self) -> Subscription<Self::Message> {
-        self.0.subscription()
-    }
-
-    fn scale_factor(&self, window: window::Id) -> f64 {
-        self.0.scale_factor(window)
-    }
-}

src/sandbox.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::theme::{self, Theme};
+use crate::application::{self, Application};
-use crate::{Application, Command, Element, Error, Settings, Subscription};
+use crate::{Command, Element, Error, Settings, Subscription, Theme};
 
 /// A sandboxed [`Application`].
 ///
@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ pub trait Sandbox {
     /// Returns the current style variant of [`theme::Application`].
     ///
     /// By default, it returns [`theme::Application::default`].
-    fn style(&self) -> theme::Application {
+    fn style(&self, theme: &Theme) -> application::Appearance {
-        theme::Application::default()
+        crate::shell::application::default(theme)
     }
 
     /// Returns the scale factor of the [`Sandbox`].
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ where
         T::theme(self)
     }
 
-    fn style(&self) -> theme::Application {
+    fn style(&self, theme: &Theme) -> application::Appearance {
-        T::style(self)
+        T::style(self, theme)
     }
 
     fn subscription(&self) -> Subscription<T::Message> {

style/src/application.rs

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-//! Change the appearance of an application.
-use iced_core::Color;
-
-/// A set of rules that dictate the style of an application.
-pub trait StyleSheet {
-    /// The supported style of the [`StyleSheet`].
-    type Style: Default;
-
-    /// Returns the [`Appearance`] of the application for the provided [`Style`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Style`]: Self::Style
-    fn appearance(&self, style: &Self::Style) -> Appearance;
-}
-
-/// The appearance of an application.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Appearance {
-    /// The background [`Color`] of the application.
-    pub background_color: Color,
-
-    /// The default text [`Color`] of the application.
-    pub text_color: Color,
-}

style/src/lib.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 )]
 pub use iced_core as core;
 
-pub mod application;
 pub mod theme;
 
 pub use theme::Theme;

style/src/theme.rs

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ pub mod palette;
 
 pub use palette::Palette;
 
-use crate::application;
-
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -221,46 +219,3 @@ impl fmt::Display for Custom {
         write!(f, "{}", self.name)
     }
 }
-
-/// The style of an application.
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub enum Application {
-    /// The default style.
-    #[default]
-    Default,
-    /// A custom style.
-    Custom(Box<dyn application::StyleSheet<Style = Theme>>),
-}
-
-impl Application {
-    /// Creates a custom [`Application`] style.
-    pub fn custom(
-        custom: impl application::StyleSheet<Style = Theme> + 'static,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self::Custom(Box::new(custom))
-    }
-}
-
-impl application::StyleSheet for Theme {
-    type Style = Application;
-
-    fn appearance(&self, style: &Self::Style) -> application::Appearance {
-        let palette = self.extended_palette();
-
-        match style {
-            Application::Default => application::Appearance {
-                background_color: palette.background.base.color,
-                text_color: palette.background.base.text,
-            },
-            Application::Custom(custom) => custom.appearance(self),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Fn(&Theme) -> application::Appearance> application::StyleSheet for T {
-    type Style = Theme;
-
-    fn appearance(&self, style: &Self::Style) -> application::Appearance {
-        (self)(style)
-    }
-}

winit/src/application.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::core::renderer;
 use crate::core::time::Instant;
 use crate::core::widget::operation;
 use crate::core::window;
-use crate::core::{Event, Point, Size};
+use crate::core::{Color, Event, Point, Size};
 use crate::futures::futures;
 use crate::futures::{Executor, Runtime, Subscription};
 use crate::graphics::compositor::{self, Compositor};
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::runtime::clipboard;
 use crate::runtime::program::Program;
 use crate::runtime::user_interface::{self, UserInterface};
 use crate::runtime::{Command, Debug};
-use crate::style::application::{Appearance, StyleSheet};
+use crate::style::Theme;
 use crate::{Clipboard, Error, Proxy, Settings};
 
 use futures::channel::mpsc;
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 /// can be toggled by pressing `F12`.
 pub trait Application: Program
 where
-    Self::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<Self::Theme>: Default,
 {
     /// The data needed to initialize your [`Application`].
     type Flags;
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ where
     fn theme(&self) -> Self::Theme;
 
     /// Returns the `Style` variation of the `Theme`.
-    fn style(&self) -> <Self::Theme as StyleSheet>::Style {
+    fn style(&self, theme: &Self::Theme) -> Appearance {
-        Default::default()
+        Style::default().resolve(theme)
     }
 
     /// Returns the event `Subscription` for the current state of the
@@ -95,6 +95,58 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+/// The appearance of an application.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Appearance {
+    /// The background [`Color`] of the application.
+    pub background_color: Color,
+
+    /// The default text [`Color`] of the application.
+    pub text_color: Color,
+}
+
+/// The style of an [`Application`].
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Style<Theme>(pub fn(&Theme) -> Appearance);
+
+impl<Theme> Style<Theme> {
+    /// Resolves the [`Style`] with the given `Theme` to produce
+    /// an [`Appearance`].
+    pub fn resolve(self, theme: &Theme) -> Appearance {
+        (self.0)(theme)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Theme> Clone for Style<Theme> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        *self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Theme> Copy for Style<Theme> {}
+
+impl<Theme> From<fn(&Theme) -> Appearance> for Style<Theme> {
+    fn from(f: fn(&Theme) -> Appearance) -> Self {
+        Style(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Style<Theme> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Style(default)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The default style of an [`Application`].
+pub fn default(theme: &Theme) -> Appearance {
+    let palette = theme.extended_palette();
+
+    Appearance {
+        background_color: palette.background.base.color,
+        text_color: palette.background.base.text,
+    }
+}
+
 /// Runs an [`Application`] with an executor, compositor, and the provided
 /// settings.
 pub fn run<A, E, C>(
@@ -105,7 +157,7 @@ where
     A: Application + 'static,
     E: Executor + 'static,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer> + 'static,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     use futures::task;
     use futures::Future;
@@ -289,7 +341,7 @@ async fn run_instance<A, E, C>(
     A: Application + 'static,
     E: Executor + 'static,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer> + 'static,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     use futures::stream::StreamExt;
     use winit::event;
@@ -612,7 +664,7 @@ pub fn build_user_interface<'a, A: Application>(
     debug: &mut Debug,
 ) -> UserInterface<'a, A::Message, A::Theme, A::Renderer>
 where
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     debug.view_started();
     let view = application.view();
@@ -643,7 +695,7 @@ pub fn update<A: Application, C, E: Executor>(
     window: &winit::window::Window,
 ) where
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer> + 'static,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     for message in messages.drain(..) {
         debug.log_message(&message);
@@ -694,7 +746,7 @@ pub fn run_command<A, C, E>(
     A: Application,
     E: Executor,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer> + 'static,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     use crate::runtime::command;
     use crate::runtime::system;

winit/src/application/state.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::application::{self, StyleSheet as _};
+use crate::application;
 use crate::conversion;
 use crate::core::mouse;
 use crate::core::{Color, Size};
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use winit::window::Window;
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct State<A: Application>
 where
-    A::Theme: application::StyleSheet,
+    application::Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     title: String,
     scale_factor: f64,
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ where
 
 impl<A: Application> State<A>
 where
-    A::Theme: application::StyleSheet,
+    application::Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     /// Creates a new [`State`] for the provided [`Application`] and window.
     pub fn new(application: &A, window: &Window) -> Self {
         let title = application.title();
         let scale_factor = application.scale_factor();
         let theme = application.theme();
-        let appearance = theme.appearance(&application.style());
+        let appearance = application.style(&theme);
 
         let viewport = {
             let physical_size = window.inner_size();
@@ -216,6 +216,6 @@ where
 
         // Update theme and appearance
         self.theme = application.theme();
-        self.appearance = self.theme.appearance(&application.style());
+        self.appearance = application.style(&self.theme);
     }
 }

winit/src/multi_window.rs

@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@ use crate::runtime::command::{self, Command};
 use crate::runtime::multi_window::Program;
 use crate::runtime::user_interface::{self, UserInterface};
 use crate::runtime::Debug;
-use crate::style::application::StyleSheet;
 use crate::{Clipboard, Error, Proxy, Settings};
 
+pub use crate::application::{default, Appearance, Style};
+
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ use std::time::Instant;
 /// can be toggled by pressing `F12`.
 pub trait Application: Program
 where
-    Self::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<Self::Theme>: Default,
 {
     /// The data needed to initialize your [`Application`].
     type Flags;
@@ -66,8 +67,8 @@ where
     fn theme(&self, window: window::Id) -> Self::Theme;
 
     /// Returns the `Style` variation of the `Theme`.
-    fn style(&self) -> <Self::Theme as StyleSheet>::Style {
+    fn style(&self, theme: &Self::Theme) -> Appearance {
-        Default::default()
+        Style::default().resolve(theme)
     }
 
     /// Returns the event `Subscription` for the current state of the
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ where
     A: Application + 'static,
     E: Executor + 'static,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer> + 'static,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     use winit::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
 
@@ -349,7 +350,7 @@ async fn run_instance<A, E, C>(
     A: Application + 'static,
     E: Executor + 'static,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer> + 'static,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     use winit::event;
     use winit::event_loop::ControlFlow;
@@ -819,7 +820,7 @@ fn build_user_interface<'a, A: Application>(
     id: window::Id,
 ) -> UserInterface<'a, A::Message, A::Theme, A::Renderer>
 where
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     debug.view_started();
     let view = application.view(id);
@@ -847,7 +848,7 @@ fn update<A: Application, C, E: Executor>(
     ui_caches: &mut HashMap<window::Id, user_interface::Cache>,
 ) where
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer> + 'static,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     for message in messages.drain(..) {
         debug.log_message(&message);
@@ -890,7 +891,7 @@ fn run_command<A, C, E>(
     A: Application,
     E: Executor,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer> + 'static,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     use crate::runtime::clipboard;
     use crate::runtime::system;
@@ -1216,8 +1217,8 @@ pub fn build_user_interfaces<'a, A: Application, C: Compositor>(
     mut cached_user_interfaces: HashMap<window::Id, user_interface::Cache>,
 ) -> HashMap<window::Id, UserInterface<'a, A::Message, A::Theme, A::Renderer>>
 where
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer>,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     cached_user_interfaces
         .drain()

winit/src/multi_window/state.rs

@@ -2,18 +2,16 @@ use crate::conversion;
 use crate::core::{mouse, window};
 use crate::core::{Color, Size};
 use crate::graphics::Viewport;
-use crate::multi_window::Application;
+use crate::multi_window::{self, Application};
-use crate::style::application;
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
 
-use iced_style::application::StyleSheet;
 use winit::event::{Touch, WindowEvent};
 use winit::window::Window;
 
 /// The state of a multi-windowed [`Application`].
 pub struct State<A: Application>
 where
-    A::Theme: application::StyleSheet,
+    multi_window::Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     title: String,
     scale_factor: f64,
@@ -22,12 +20,12 @@ where
     cursor_position: Option<winit::dpi::PhysicalPosition<f64>>,
     modifiers: winit::keyboard::ModifiersState,
     theme: A::Theme,
-    appearance: application::Appearance,
+    appearance: multi_window::Appearance,
 }
 
 impl<A: Application> Debug for State<A>
 where
-    A::Theme: application::StyleSheet,
+    multi_window::Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("multi_window::State")
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ where
 
 impl<A: Application> State<A>
 where
-    A::Theme: application::StyleSheet,
+    multi_window::Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     /// Creates a new [`State`] for the provided [`Application`]'s `window`.
     pub fn new(
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ where
         let title = application.title(window_id);
         let scale_factor = application.scale_factor(window_id);
         let theme = application.theme(window_id);
-        let appearance = theme.appearance(&application.style());
+        let appearance = application.style(&theme);
 
         let viewport = {
             let physical_size = window.inner_size();
@@ -236,6 +234,6 @@ where
 
         // Update theme and appearance
         self.theme = application.theme(window_id);
-        self.appearance = self.theme.appearance(&application.style());
+        self.appearance = application.style(&self.theme);
     }
 }

winit/src/multi_window/window_manager.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ use crate::core::mouse;
 use crate::core::window::Id;
 use crate::core::{Point, Size};
 use crate::graphics::Compositor;
-use crate::multi_window::{Application, State};
+use crate::multi_window::{Application, State, Style};
-use crate::style::application::StyleSheet;
 
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -12,8 +11,8 @@ use winit::monitor::MonitorHandle;
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub struct WindowManager<A: Application, C: Compositor>
 where
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer>,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     aliases: BTreeMap<winit::window::WindowId, Id>,
     entries: BTreeMap<Id, Window<A, C>>,
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ impl<A, C> WindowManager<A, C>
 where
     A: Application,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer>,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ impl<A, C> Default for WindowManager<A, C>
 where
     A: Application,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer>,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self::new()
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ pub struct Window<A, C>
 where
     A: Application,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer>,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     pub raw: Arc<winit::window::Window>,
     pub state: State<A>,
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ impl<A, C> Window<A, C>
 where
     A: Application,
     C: Compositor<Renderer = A::Renderer>,
-    A::Theme: StyleSheet,
+    Style<A::Theme>: Default,
 {
     pub fn position(&self) -> Option<Point> {
         self.raw